mirror of
https://github.com/rn10950/RetroZilla.git
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743 lines
40 KiB
HTML
743 lines
40 KiB
HTML
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd"[
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<!ENTITY % brandDTD SYSTEM "chrome://branding/locale/brand.dtd" >
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%brandDTD;
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]>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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<head>
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<title>Glossary</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="chrome://help/locale/helpFileLayout.css"
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type="text/css"/>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="boilerPlate">This glossary is provided for your information only,
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and is not meant to be relied upon as a complete or authoritative description
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of the terms defined below or of the privacy and/or security ramifications of
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the technologies described.</div>
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<h1 id="glossary">Glossary</h1>
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<dl>
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<dt id="authentication">authentication</dt><dd>The use of a password,
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certificate, personal identification number (PIN), or other information to
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validate an identity over a computer network. See also
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<a href="#password-based_authentication">password-based authentication</a>,
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<a href="#certificate-based_authentication">certificate-based
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authentication</a>, <a href="#client_authentication">client
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authentication</a>, <a href="#server_authentication">server
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authentication</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="bookmark">bookmark</dt><dd>A stored <a href="#web_page">web page</a>
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address (<a href="#url">URL</a>) that you can go to easily by clicking a
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bookmark icon in the <a href="#personal_toolbar">Personal Toolbar</a> or
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choosing the bookmark's name from the Bookmarks menu.</dd>
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<dt id="ca">CA</dt><dd>See <a href="#certificate_authority">certificate
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authority (CA)</a></dd>
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<dt id="ca_certificate">CA certificate</dt><dd>A certificate that
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identifies a certificate authority. See also
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<a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a>,
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<a href="#subordinate_ca">subordinate CA</a>, <a href="#root_ca">root
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CA</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="cache">cache</dt><dd>A collection of web page copies stored
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on your computer's hard disk or in its random-access memory (RAM). The
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browser accumulates these copies as you browse the Web. When you click a link
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or type a <a href="#url">URL</a> to fetch a particular web page for which the
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cache already contains a copy, the browser compares the cached copy to the
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original. If there have been no changes, the browser uses the cached copy
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rather than refetching the original, saving processing and download
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time.</dd>
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<dt id="certificate">certificate</dt><dd>The digital equivalent of an ID card.
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A certificate specifies the name of an individual, company, or other entity
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and certifies that a public key, which is included in the certificate,
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belongs to that entity. When you digitally sign a message or other data, the
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digital signature for that message is created with the aid of the private key
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that corresponds to the public key in your certificate. A certificate is
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issued and digitally signed by a <a href="#certificate_authority">certificate
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authority (CA)</a>. A certificate's validity can be verified by checking
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the CA's <a href="#digital_signature">digital signature</a>. Also called
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digital ID, digital passport, public-key certificate, X.509 certificate, and
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security certificate. See also <a href="#public-key_cryptography">public-key
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cryptography</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</dt><dd>A service
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that issues a certificate after verifying the identity of the person or
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entity the certificate is intended to identify. A CA also renews and revokes
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certificates and generates a list of revoked certificates at regular
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intervals. CAs can be independent vendors or a person or organization using
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certificate-issuing server software (such as &brandShortName; Certificate
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Management System). See also <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>,
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<a href="#crl">CRL (certificate revocation list)</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="certificate_backup_password">certificate backup password</dt><dd>A
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password that protects a certificate that you are backing up or have
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previously backed up. Certificate Manager asks you to set this password when
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you back up a certificate, and requests it when you attempt to restore a
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certificate that has previously been backed up.</dd>
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<dt id="certificate-based_authentication">certificate-based
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authentication</dt><dd>Verification of identity based on certificates and
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public-key cryptography. See also
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<a href="#password-based_authentication">password-based
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authentication</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="certificate_chain">certificate chain</dt><dd>A hierarchical series of
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certificates signed by successive certificate authorities. A CA certificate
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identifies a <a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a>
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and is used to sign certificates issued by that authority. A CA certificate
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can in turn be signed by the CA certificate of a parent CA and so on up to a
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<a href="#root_ca">root CA</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="certificate_fingerprint">certificate fingerprint</dt><dd>
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A unique number associated with a certificate. The number is not part of
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the certificate itself but is produced by applying a mathematical function to
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the contents of the certificate. If the contents of the certificate change,
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even by a single character, the function produces a different number.
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Certificate fingerprints can therefore be used to verify that certificates
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have not been tampered with.</dd>
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<dt id="certificate_manager">Certificate
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Manager</dt><dd>The part of the browser that allows you to view and manage
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certificates. To view the main Certificate Manager window: Open the
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<span class="mac">&brandShortName;</span> <span class="noMac">Edit</span>
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menu, choose Preferences, click Privacy and Security, and then click Manage
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Certificates.</dd>
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<dt id="certificate_renewal">certificate renewal</dt><dd>The process of
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renewing a <a href="#certificate">certificate</a> that is about to
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expire.</dd>
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<dt id="certificate_verification">certificate verification</dt><dd>When
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<a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate Manager</a> verifies a
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certificate, it confirms that the digital signature was created by a CA whose
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own CA certificate is both on file with Certificate Manager and marked as
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trusted for issuing that kind of certificate. It also confirms that the
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certificate being verified has not itself been marked as untrusted. Finally,
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if the <a href="#ocsp">OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol)</a> has been
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activated, Certificate Manager also performs an online check. It does so by
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looking up the certificate in a list of valid certificates maintained at a
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<a href="#url">URL</a> that is specified either in the certificate itself or
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in the browser's Validation preferences. If any of these checks fail,
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Certificate Manager marks the certificate as unverified and won't
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recognize the identity it certifies.</dd>
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<dt id="cipher">cipher</dt><dd>See
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<a href="#cryptographic_algorithm">cryptographic algorithm</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="client">client</dt><dd>Software (such as browser software) that sends
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requests to and receives information from a <a href="#server">server</a>,
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which is usually running on a different computer. A computer on which client
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software runs is also described as a client.</dd>
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<dt id="client_authentication">client authentication</dt><dd>The process of
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identifying a <a href="#client">client</a> to a <a href="#server">server</a>,
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for example with a name and password or with a
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<a href="#client_ssl_certificate">client SSL certificate</a> and some
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digitally signed data. See also <a href="#ssl">SSL (Secure
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Sockets Layer)</a>, <a href="#server_authentication">server
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authentication</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="client_ssl_certificate">client SSL certificate</dt><dd>A certificate
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that a <a href="#client">client</a> (such as browser software) presents to a
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<a href="#server">server</a> to authenticate the identity of the client
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(or the identity of the person using the client) using the
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<a href="#ssl">SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)</a> protocol. See
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also <a href="#client_authentication">client authentication</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="component_bar">Component Bar</dt><dd>The toolbar located at the bottom
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left of any &brandShortName; window. The Component Bar allows you to switch
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between &brandShortName; components by clicking icons for Navigator,
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Mail & Newsgroups, Composer, and so on.</dd>
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<dt id="cookie">cookie</dt><dd>A small bit of information stored on your
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computer by some <a href="#web_site">websites</a>. When you visit such a
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site, the site asks your browser to place one or more cookies on your hard
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disk. Later, when you return to the site, your browser sends the site the
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cookies that belong to it. Cookies help websites keep track of information
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about you, such as the contents of your shopping cart. You can set your
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cookie preferences to control how cookies are used and how much information
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you are willing to let websites store on them. See also
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<a href="#foreign_cookie">foreign cookie</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="cookie_manager">Cookie Manager</dt><dd>The part of the browser
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that you can use to control <a href="#cookie">cookies</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="crl">CRL (certificate revocation list)</dt><dd>A list of revoked
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certificates that is generated and signed by a
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<a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a>. You can
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download the latest CRL to your browser or to a server, then check against it
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to make sure that certificates are still valid before permitting their use
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for authentication.</dd>
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<dt id="cryptographic_algorithm">cryptographic algorithm</dt><dd>A set of
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rules or directions used to perform cryptographic operations such as
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<a href="#encryption">encryption</a> and
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<a href="#decryption">decryption</a>. Sometimes called a
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<em>cipher.</em></dd>
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<dt id="cryptography">cryptography</dt><dd>The art and practice of scrambling
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(encrypting) and unscrambling (decrypting) information. For example,
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cryptographic techniques are used to scramble an unscramble information
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flowing between commercial websites and your browser. See also
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<a href="#public-key_cryptography">public-key cryptography</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="decryption">decryption</dt><dd>The process of unscrambling data that
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has been encrypted. See also <a href="#encryption">encryption</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="digital_id">digital ID</dt><dd>
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See <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="digital_signature">digital signature</dt><dd>A code created from both
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the data to be signed and the private key of the signer. This code is unique
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for each new piece of data. Even a single comma added to a message changes
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the digital signature for that message. Successful validation of your digital
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signature by appropriate software not only provides evidence that you
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approved the transaction or message, but also provides evidence that the data
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has not changed since you digitally signed it. A digital signature has
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nothing to do with a handwritten signature, although it can sometimes be used
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for similar legal purposes. See also
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<a href="#nonrepudiation">nonrepudiation</a>,
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<a href="#tamper_detection">tamper detection</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="distinguished_name">distinguished name (DN)</dt><dd>A specially
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formatted name that uniquely identifies the subject of a
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<a href="#certificate">certificate</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="dual_key_pairs">dual key pairs</dt><dd>Two public-private key
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pairs—four keys altogether—corresponding to two separate
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certificates. The private key of one pair is used for signing operations, and
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the public and private keys of the other pair are used for encryption and
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decryption operations. Each pair corresponds to a separate
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<a href="#certificate">certificate</a>. See also
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<a href="#public-key_cryptography">public-key cryptography</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="eavesdropping">eavesdropping</dt><dd>Surreptitious interception of
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information sent over a network by an entity for which the information is not
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intended.</dd>
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<dt id="encryption">encryption</dt><dd>The process of scrambling information in
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a way that disguises its meaning. For example, encrypted connections between
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computers make it very difficult for third-parties to unscramble, or
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<em>decrypt</em>, information flowing over the connection. Encrypted
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information can be decrypted only by someone who possesses the appropriate
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key. See also <a href="#public-key_cryptography">public-key
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cryptography</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="encryption_certificate">encryption certificate</dt><dd>A
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<a href="#certificate">certificate</a> whose public key is used for
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encryption only. Encryption certificates are not used for signing operations.
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See also <a href="#dual_key_pairs">dual key pairs</a>,
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<a href="#signing_certificate">signing certificate</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="encryption_key">encryption key</dt><dd>A private key used for
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encryption only. An encryption key and its equivalent private key, plus a
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<a href="#signing_key">signing key</a> and its equivalent public key,
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constitute a <a href="#dual_key_pairs">dual key pairs</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="fingerprint">fingerprint</dt><dd>See
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<a href="#certificate_fingerprint">certificate fingerprint</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="fips_pubs_140-1">FIPS PUBS 140-1</dt><dd>Federal Information Processing
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Standards Publications (FIPS PUBS) 140-1 is a US government standard for
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implementations of cryptographic modules—that is, hardware or software
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that encrypts and decrypts data or performs other cryptographic operations
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(such as creating or verifying digital signatures). Many products sold to the
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US government must comply with one or more of the FIPS standards.</dd>
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<dt id="foreign_cookie">foreign cookie</dt><dd>A <a href="#cookie">cookie</a>
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from one site that gets stored on your computer when you visit a different
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site. Sometimes a <a href="#web_site">website</a> displays content that is
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hosted on another website. That content can be anything from an image to text
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or an advertisement. The second website that hosts such elements also has the
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ability to store a cookie in your browser, even though you don't visit
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it directly. Also known as <q>third-party cookie</q>.</dd>
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<dt id="form_manager">Form Manager</dt><dd>The part of the browser that can
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help you save the personal data you enter into online forms, such as your
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name, address, phone, and so on. Then, when a website presents you with a
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form, Form Manager can fill it in automatically.</dd>
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<dt id="frame">frame</dt><dd>Frames are <a href="#web_page">web pages</a>
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contained inside of an all-encompasssing <q>meta</q> page.</dd>
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<dt id="ftp">FTP (File Transfer Protocol)</dt><dd>A
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standard that allows users to transfer files from one computer to another
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over a network. You can use your browser to fetch files using FTP.</dd>
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<dt id="gopher">Gopher</dt><dd>A protocol used to search and retrieve
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information on Internet <a href="#server">servers</a>, common before the
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emergence of the <a href="#world_wide_web">World Wide Web</a>.</dd>
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<dt id="helper_application">helper application</dt><dd>Any application that is
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used to open or view a file downloaded by the browser. A
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<a href="#plug-in">plug-in</a> is a special kind of helper application that
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installs itself into the Plugins directory of the main browser installation
|
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directory and can typically be opened within the browser itself (internally).
|
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Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop, and other external applications are
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considered helper applications but not plug-ins, since they don't
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install themselves into the browser directory, but can be opened from the
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download dialog box.</dd>
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<dt id="home_page">home page</dt><dd>The page your browser is set to display
|
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every time you launch it or when you click the Home button. Also used to
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refer to the main page for a website, from which you can explore the rest of
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the site.</dd>
|
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<dt id="html">HTML (HyperText Markup Language)</dt><dd>The document format used
|
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for web pages. The HTML standard defines tags, or codes, used to define the
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text layout, fonts, style, images, and other elements that make up a web
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page.</dd>
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<dt id="http">HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)</dt><dd>The protocol used to
|
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transfer <a href="#web_page">web pages</a> (HyperText documents) between
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browsers and <a href="#server">servers</a> over the
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<a href="#world_wide_web">World Wide Web</a>.</dd>
|
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<dt id="https">HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)</dt><dd>The secure
|
||
|
|
version of the HTTP protocol that uses <a href="#ssl">SSL</a> to ensure the
|
||
|
|
privacy of customer data (such as credit card information) while en route
|
||
|
|
over the <a href="#internet">Internet</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="imap">IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)</dt><dd>A standard mail
|
||
|
|
server protocol that allows you to store all your messages and any changes to
|
||
|
|
them on the server rather than on your computer's hard disk. Using IMAP
|
||
|
|
rather than <a href="#pop">POP</a> saves disk space and allows you to access
|
||
|
|
your entire mailbox, including sent mail, drafts, and custom folders, from
|
||
|
|
any location. Using an IMAP server over a modem is generally faster than
|
||
|
|
using a POP mail server, since you initially download message headers only.
|
||
|
|
Not all <a href="#isp">ISPs</a> support IMAP.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="implicit_consent">implicit consent</dt><dd>Also known as implied or
|
||
|
|
<q>opt-out</q> consent. Used to describe privacy settings that may allow
|
||
|
|
websites to gather information about you (for example by means of
|
||
|
|
<a href="#cookie">cookies</a> and online forms) unless you explicitly choose
|
||
|
|
to withhold your consent by selecting an option on a page that the website
|
||
|
|
provides for that purpose. Your consent may not be requested when the
|
||
|
|
information is actually gathered.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="internet">Internet</dt><dd>A worldwide network of millions of computers
|
||
|
|
that communicate with each other using standard protocols such as
|
||
|
|
<a href="#tcp_ip">TCP/IP</a>. Originally developed for the US military in
|
||
|
|
1969, the Internet grew to include educational and research institutions and,
|
||
|
|
in the late 1990s, millions of businesses, organizations, and individuals.
|
||
|
|
Today the Internet is used for email, browsing the
|
||
|
|
<a href="#world_wide_web">World Wide Web (WWW)</a>, instant messaging,
|
||
|
|
usegroups, and many other purposes.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="ip_address">IP address (Internet protocol address)</dt><dd>The address
|
||
|
|
of a computer on a <a href="#tcp_ip">TCP/IP</a> network. Every computer on
|
||
|
|
the <a href="#internet">Internet</a> has an IP address.
|
||
|
|
<a href="#client">Clients</a> have either a permanent IP address or one that
|
||
|
|
is dynamically assigned to them each time they connect with the network. IP
|
||
|
|
addresses are written as four sets of numbers, like this: 204.171.64.2.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="irc">IRC (Internet Relay Chat)</dt><dd>A protocol used to chat with
|
||
|
|
other people in real-time using an IRC <a href="#client">client</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="isp">ISP (Internet Service Provider)</dt><dd>A company/institution
|
||
|
|
that provides <a href="#internet">Internet</a> connections.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="java">Java</dt><dd>A programming language developed by Sun
|
||
|
|
Microsystems. A single Java program can run on many different kinds of
|
||
|
|
computers, thus avoiding the need for programmers to create a separate
|
||
|
|
version of each program for each kind of computer. Your browser can
|
||
|
|
automatically download and run Java programs (also called applets).</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="javascript">JavaScript</dt><dd>A scripting language commonly used to
|
||
|
|
construct <a href="#web_page">web pages</a>. Programmers use JavaScript to
|
||
|
|
make web pages more interactive; for example, to display forms and buttons.
|
||
|
|
JavaScript can be used with <a href="#java">Java</a>, but is technically a
|
||
|
|
separate language. Java is not required for JavaScript to work
|
||
|
|
correctly.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="key">key</dt><dd>A large number used by a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#cryptographic_algorithm">cryptographic algorithm</a> to encrypt or
|
||
|
|
decrypt data. A person's public key, for example, allows other people to
|
||
|
|
encrypt messages to that person. The encrypted messages must be decrypted
|
||
|
|
with the corresponding private key. See also
|
||
|
|
<a href="#public-key_cryptography">public-key cryptography</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="ldap">LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)</dt><dd>A standard
|
||
|
|
protocol for accessing directory services, such as corporate address books,
|
||
|
|
across multiple platforms. You can set up your browser to access LDAP
|
||
|
|
directories from the Address Book. You can also set up Mail & Newsgroups
|
||
|
|
to use an LDAP directory for email address autocompletion.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="location_bar">Location Bar</dt><dd>The field (and associated buttons)
|
||
|
|
near the top of a Navigator window where you can type a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#url">URL</a> or search terms.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="master_key">master key</dt><dd>A symmetric key used by
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate Manager</a> to encrypt
|
||
|
|
information. For example, <a href="#password_manager">Password Manager</a>
|
||
|
|
uses Certificate Manager and your master key to encrypt email passwords,
|
||
|
|
website passwords, and other stored sensitive information. See also
|
||
|
|
<a href="#symmetric_encryption">symmetric encryption</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="master_password">master password</dt><dd>A password used by
|
||
|
|
Certificate Manager to protect the master key and/or private keys stored on a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#security_device">security device</a>. Certificate Manager needs to
|
||
|
|
access your private keys, for example, when you sign email messages or use
|
||
|
|
one of your own certificates to identify yourself to a website. It needs to
|
||
|
|
access your master key when Password Manager or Form Manager reads or adds to
|
||
|
|
your personal information. You can set or change your master password from
|
||
|
|
the Master Passwords preferences panel. Each security device requires a
|
||
|
|
separate master password. See also <a href="#private_key">private key</a>,
|
||
|
|
<a href="#master_key">master key</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="misrepresentation">misrepresentation</dt><dd>Presentation of an entity
|
||
|
|
as a person or organization that it is not. For example, a website might
|
||
|
|
pretend to be a furniture store when it is really just a site that takes
|
||
|
|
credit card payments but never sends any goods. See also
|
||
|
|
<a href="#spoofing">spoofing</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="navigation_toolbar">Navigation Toolbar</dt><dd>The toolbar near the top
|
||
|
|
of the browser window that includes the Back and Forward buttons.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="nonrepudiation">nonrepudiation</dt><dd>The inability, of the sender of
|
||
|
|
a message, to deny having sent the message. A regular hand-written signature
|
||
|
|
provides one form of nonrepudiation. A
|
||
|
|
<a href="#digital_signature">digital signature</a> provides another.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="object_signing">object signing</dt><dd>A technology that allows
|
||
|
|
software developers to sign Java code, JavaScript scripts, or any kind of
|
||
|
|
file, and that allows users to identify the signers and control access by
|
||
|
|
signed code to local system resources.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="object-signing_certificate">object-signing certificate</dt><dd>A
|
||
|
|
certificate whose corresponding private key is used to sign objects such as
|
||
|
|
code files. See also <a href="#object_signing">object signing</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="ocsp">OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol)</dt><dd>A set of rules
|
||
|
|
that <a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate Manager</a> follows to
|
||
|
|
perform an online check of a certificate's validity each time the
|
||
|
|
certificate is used. This process involves checking the certificate against a
|
||
|
|
list of valid certificates maintained at a specified website. Your computer
|
||
|
|
must be online for OCSP to work.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="p3p">P3P (Platform for Privacy Preferences)</dt><dd>A standard
|
||
|
|
published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) designed to help users to
|
||
|
|
gain more control over the use of personal information by websites they
|
||
|
|
visit. For general information on the standard itself, see the online
|
||
|
|
document <a href="http://www.w3.org/P3P/">P3P Public Overview</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="password-based_authentication">password-based
|
||
|
|
authentication</dt><dd>Confident identification by means of a name and
|
||
|
|
password. See also <a href="#authentication">authentication</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="password_manager">Password Manager</dt><dd>The part of the
|
||
|
|
browser that can help you remember some or all of your names and passwords by
|
||
|
|
storing them on your computer's hard disk, and entering them for you
|
||
|
|
automatically when you visit such sites.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="personal_toolbar">Personal Toolbar</dt><dd>The customizable toolbar
|
||
|
|
that appears just below the location bar by default in Navigator. It contains
|
||
|
|
standard buttons such as Home, Bookmarks, and so on that you can add or
|
||
|
|
remove. You can also add buttons for your favorite bookmarks, or folders
|
||
|
|
containing groups of bookmarks.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="phishing">Phishing</dt><dd>Phishing is a fraudulent business scheme in
|
||
|
|
which a party creates counterfeit websites, hijacking brand names of banks,
|
||
|
|
e-retailers and credit card companies, trying to collect victims'
|
||
|
|
personal information.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="pkcs_11">PKCS #11</dt><dd>The public-key cryptography standard that
|
||
|
|
governs security devices such as smart cards. See also
|
||
|
|
<a href="#security_device">security device</a>, <a href="#smart_card">smart
|
||
|
|
card</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="pkcs_11_module">PKCS #11 module</dt><dd>A program on your computer
|
||
|
|
that manages cryptographic services such as encryption and decryption using
|
||
|
|
the PKCS #11 standard. Also called <em>cryptographic modules</em>,
|
||
|
|
<em>cryptographic service providers</em>, or <em>security modules</em>,
|
||
|
|
PKCS #11 modules control either hardware or software devices. A PKCS #11
|
||
|
|
module always controls one or more slots, which may be implemented as some
|
||
|
|
form of physical reader (for example, for reading smart cards) or in
|
||
|
|
software. Each slot for a PKCS #11 module can in turn contain a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#security_device">security device</a> (also called <em>token</em>),
|
||
|
|
which is the hardware or software device that provides cryptographic services
|
||
|
|
and stores certificates and keys. <a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate
|
||
|
|
Manager</a> provides two built-in PKCS #11 modules. You may install
|
||
|
|
additional modules on your computer to control smart card readers or other
|
||
|
|
hardware devices.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="pki">PKI (public-key infrastructure)</dt><dd>The standards and services
|
||
|
|
that facilitate the use of public-key cryptography and certificates in a
|
||
|
|
networked environment.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="plug-in">plug-in</dt><dd>A type of
|
||
|
|
<a href="#helper_application">helper application</a> that adds new
|
||
|
|
capabilities to your browser, such as the ability to play audio or video
|
||
|
|
clips. Unlike other kinds of helper applications, a plug-in application
|
||
|
|
installs itself into the Plugins directory within the main browser
|
||
|
|
installation directory and typically can be opened within the browser itself
|
||
|
|
(internally). For example, an audio plug-in lets you listen to audio files on
|
||
|
|
a <a href="#web_page">web page</a> or in an email message. Macromedia Flash
|
||
|
|
Player and Java are both examples of plug-in applications.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="pop">POP (Post Office Protocol)</dt><dd>A standard mail server protocol
|
||
|
|
that requires you to download new messages to your local
|
||
|
|
computer—although you can choose to leave copies on the server. With
|
||
|
|
POP, you can store all your messages, including sent mail, drafts, and custom
|
||
|
|
folders, on one computer only. By contrast,
|
||
|
|
<a href="#imap">IMAP</a> allows you to permanently store all your messages
|
||
|
|
and any changes to them on the server, where you can access them from any
|
||
|
|
computer. Most <a href="#isp">ISPs</a> currently support POP.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="private_key">private key</dt><dd>One of a pair of
|
||
|
|
<a href="#key">keys</a> used in public-key cryptography. The private key is
|
||
|
|
kept secret and is used to decrypt data that has been encrypted with the
|
||
|
|
corresponding public key.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="proxy">proxy</dt><dd>An intermediary or <q>go-between</q> program that
|
||
|
|
acts as both a <a href="#server">server</a> and a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#client">client</a> for the purpose of making requests on behalf of
|
||
|
|
other clients.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="public_key">public key</dt><dd>
|
||
|
|
One of a pair of <a href="#key">keys</a> used in public-key cryptography.
|
||
|
|
The public key is distributed freely and published as part of a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate">certificate</a>. It is typically used to encrypt data
|
||
|
|
sent to the public key's owner, who then decrypts the data with the
|
||
|
|
corresponding private key.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="public-key_cryptography">public-key cryptography</dt><dd>A set of
|
||
|
|
well-established techniques and standards that allow an entity (such as a
|
||
|
|
person, an organization, or hardware such as a router) to verify its identity
|
||
|
|
electronically or to sign and encrypt electronic data. Two keys are involved:
|
||
|
|
a <a href="#public_key">public key</a> and a <a href="#private_key">private
|
||
|
|
key</a>. The public key is published as part of a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate">certificate</a>, which associates that key with a
|
||
|
|
particular identity. The corresponding private key is kept secret. Data
|
||
|
|
encrypted with the public key can be decrypted only with the private key.
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="roaming_profile">roaming profile</dt><dd>A user profile (or parts of
|
||
|
|
it) stored on a remote <a href="#server">server</a> and used for sharing the
|
||
|
|
same settings and data across multiple computers.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="root_ca">root CA</dt><dd>The
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a> with a
|
||
|
|
self-signed certificate at the top of a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate_chain">certificate chain</a>. See also
|
||
|
|
<a href="#subordinate_ca">subordinate CA</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="search_engine">search engine</dt><dd>A web-based program that allows
|
||
|
|
users to search for and retrieve specific information from the
|
||
|
|
<a href="#world_wide_web">World Wide Web (WWW)</a>. The search engine may
|
||
|
|
search the full text of web documents or a list of keywords, or use
|
||
|
|
librarians who review web documents and index them manually for retrieval.
|
||
|
|
Typically, the user types a word or phrase, also called a query, into a
|
||
|
|
search box, and the search engine displays links to relevant web pages.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="security_certificate">security certificate</dt><dd>See
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate">certificate</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="security_device">security device</dt><dd>Hardware or software that
|
||
|
|
provides cryptographic services such as encryption and decryption and can
|
||
|
|
store certificates and keys. A <a href="#smart_card">smart card</a> is one
|
||
|
|
example of a security device implemented in hardware.
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate Manager</a> contains its own
|
||
|
|
built-in security device, called the
|
||
|
|
<a href="#software_security_device">software security device</a>, that is
|
||
|
|
always available while the browser is running. Each security device is
|
||
|
|
protected by its own <a href="#master_password">master password</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="security_module">security module</dt><dd>See
|
||
|
|
<a href="#pkcs_11_module">PKCS #11 module</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="security_token">security token</dt><dd>See
|
||
|
|
<a href="#security_device">security device</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="server">server</dt><dd>Software (such as software that serves up web
|
||
|
|
pages) that receives requests from and sends information to a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#client">client</a>, which is usually running on a different
|
||
|
|
computer. A computer on which server software runs is also described as a
|
||
|
|
server.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="server_authentication">server authentication</dt><dd>The process of
|
||
|
|
identifying a <a href="#server">server</a> to a <a href="#client">client</a>
|
||
|
|
by using a <a href="#server_ssl_certificate">server SSL certificate</a>. See
|
||
|
|
also <a href="#client_authentication">client authentication</a>,
|
||
|
|
<a href="#ssl">SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="server_ssl_certificate">server SSL certificate</dt><dd>A
|
||
|
|
certificate that a <a href="#server">server</a> presents to a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#client">client</a> to authenticate the server's identity using
|
||
|
|
the <a href="#ssl">SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)</a> protocol.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="signing_certificate">signing certificate</dt><dd>A certificate whose
|
||
|
|
corresponding <a href="#private_key">private key</a> is used to sign
|
||
|
|
transmitted data, so that the receiver can verify the identity of the sender.
|
||
|
|
Certificate authorities (CAs) often issue a signing certificate that will be
|
||
|
|
used to sign email messages at the same time as an
|
||
|
|
<a href="#encryption_certificate">encryption certificate</a> that will be
|
||
|
|
used to encrypt email messages. See also <a href="#dual_key_pairs">dual key
|
||
|
|
pairs</a>, <a href="#digital_signature">digital signature</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="signing_key">signing key</dt><dd>A private key used for signing only.
|
||
|
|
A signing key and its equivalent public key, together with an
|
||
|
|
<a href="#encryption_key">encryption key</a> and its equivalent private key,
|
||
|
|
constitute <a href="#dual_key_pairs">dual key pairs</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="slot">slot</dt><dd>A piece of hardware, or its equivalent in software,
|
||
|
|
that is controlled by a <a href="#pkcs_11_module">PKCS #11 module</a> and
|
||
|
|
designed to contain a <a href="#security_device">security device</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="smart_card">smart card</dt><dd>A small device, typically about the size
|
||
|
|
of a credit card, that contains a microprocessor and is capable of storing
|
||
|
|
cryptographic information (such as keys and certificates) and performing
|
||
|
|
cryptographic operations. Smart cards use the <a href="#pkcs_11">PKCS #11</a>
|
||
|
|
standard. A smart card is one kind of <a href="#security_device">security
|
||
|
|
device</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="smtp">SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)</dt><dd>A protocol that
|
||
|
|
sends email messages across the <a href="#internet">Internet</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="socks">SOCKS</dt><dd>A protocol that a <a href="#proxy">proxy</a>
|
||
|
|
server can use to accept requests from client users in an internal network
|
||
|
|
so that it can forward them across the <a href="#internet">Internet</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="software_security_device">software security device</dt><dd>The default
|
||
|
|
<a href="#security_device">security device</a> used by
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate Manager</a> to store private keys
|
||
|
|
associated with your certificates. In addition to private keys, the software
|
||
|
|
security device stores the master key used by
|
||
|
|
<a href="#password_manager">Password Manager</a> to encrypt email passwords,
|
||
|
|
website passwords, and other sensitive information. See also
|
||
|
|
<a href="#private_key">private key</a> and <a href="#master_password">master
|
||
|
|
key</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="spoofing">spoofing</dt><dd>Pretending to be someone else. For example,
|
||
|
|
a person can pretend to have the email address <tt>jdoe@mozilla.com</tt>, or
|
||
|
|
a computer can identify itself as a site called <tt>www.mozilla.com</tt> when
|
||
|
|
it is not. Spoofing is one form of
|
||
|
|
<a href="#misrepresentation">misrepresentation</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="ssl">SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)</dt><dd>A protocol that allows mutual
|
||
|
|
authentication between a <a href="#client">client</a> and a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#server">server</a> for the purpose of establishing an authenticated
|
||
|
|
and encrypted connection. SSL runs above <a href="#tcp_ip">TCP/IP</a> and
|
||
|
|
below <a href="#http">HTTP</a>, <a href="#ldap">LDAP</a>,
|
||
|
|
<a href="#imap">IMAP</a>, NNTP, and other high-level network protocols.
|
||
|
|
The new Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard called Transport
|
||
|
|
Layer Security (TLS) is based on SSL. See also
|
||
|
|
<a href="#authentication">authentication</a>,
|
||
|
|
<a href="#encryption">encryption</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="status_bar">Status Bar</dt><dd>The toolbar that appears at the bottom
|
||
|
|
of any &brandShortName; window. It includes the
|
||
|
|
<a href="#component_bar">Component Bar</a> on the left and status icons on
|
||
|
|
the right.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="subject">subject</dt><dd>The entity (such as a person, organization,
|
||
|
|
or router) identified by a <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>. In
|
||
|
|
particular, the subject field of a certificate contains the certified
|
||
|
|
entity's <a href="#subject_name">subject name</a> and other
|
||
|
|
characteristics.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="subject_name">subject name</dt><dd>A
|
||
|
|
<a href="#distinguished_name">distinguished name (DN)</a> that uniquely
|
||
|
|
describes the <a href="#subject">subject</a> of a
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate">certificate</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="subordinate_ca">subordinate CA</dt><dd>A
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a> whose
|
||
|
|
certificate is signed by another subordinate CA or by the root CA. See also
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate_chain">certificate chain</a>, <a href="#root_ca">root
|
||
|
|
CA</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="symmetric_encryption">symmetric encryption</dt><dd>An encryption method
|
||
|
|
that uses a single cryptographic key to both encrypt and decrypt a given
|
||
|
|
message.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="tamper_detection">tamper detection</dt><dd>A mechanism ensuring that
|
||
|
|
data received in electronic form has not been tampered with; that is, that
|
||
|
|
the data received corresponds entirely with the original version of the same
|
||
|
|
data.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="tcp">TCP</dt><dd>See <a href="#tcp_ip">TCP/IP</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="tcp_ip">TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
|
||
|
|
Protocol)</dt><dd>A Unix protocol used to connect computers running a variety
|
||
|
|
of operating systems. TCP/IP is an essential Internet protocol and has become
|
||
|
|
a global standard.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="third-party_cookie">third-party cookie</dt><dd>See
|
||
|
|
<a href="#foreign_cookie">foreign cookie</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="tls">TLS</dt><dd>See <a href="#ssl">SSL
|
||
|
|
(Secure Sockets Layer).</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="token">token</dt><dd>See <a href="#security_device">security
|
||
|
|
device</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="tooltip">tooltip</dt><dd>A small box with text that appears when
|
||
|
|
you hover your mouse's cursor over certain items. It usually contains
|
||
|
|
information regarding the item being hovered over.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="trust">trust</dt><dd>Confident reliance on a person or other entity. In
|
||
|
|
the context of <a href="#pki">PKI (public-key infrastructure)</a>, trust
|
||
|
|
usually refers to the relationship between the user of a certificate and the
|
||
|
|
<a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a> that issued
|
||
|
|
the certificate. If you use Certificate Manager to specify that you trust a
|
||
|
|
CA, Certificate Manager trusts valid certificates issued by that CA unless
|
||
|
|
you specify otherwise in the settings for individual certificates. You use
|
||
|
|
the Authorities tab in Certificate Manager to specify the kinds of
|
||
|
|
certificates you do or don't trust specific CAs to issue.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="url">URL (Uniform Resource Locator)</dt><dd>The standardized address
|
||
|
|
that tells your browser how to locate a file or other resource on the Web.
|
||
|
|
For example: <tt>http://www.mozilla.org.</tt> You can type URLs into the
|
||
|
|
browser's <a href="#location_bar">Location Bar</a> to access
|
||
|
|
<a href="#web_page">web pages</a>. URLs are also used in the links on web
|
||
|
|
pages that you can click to go to other web pages. Also known as an Internet
|
||
|
|
address or Web address.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="web_page">web page</dt><dd>A single document on the World Wide Web that
|
||
|
|
is specified by a unique address or <a href="#url">URL</a> and that may
|
||
|
|
contain text, hyperlinks, and graphics.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="web_site">website</dt><dd>A group of related web pages linked by
|
||
|
|
hyperlinks and managed by a single company, organization, or individual. A
|
||
|
|
website may include text, graphics, audio and video files, and links to
|
||
|
|
other websites.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="world_wide_web">World Wide Web (WWW)</dt><dd>Also known as the Web. A
|
||
|
|
portion of the <a href="#internet">Internet</a> that is made up of web pages
|
||
|
|
stored by web <a href="#server">servers</a> and displayed by
|
||
|
|
<a href="#client">clients</a> called web browsers (such as
|
||
|
|
&brandShortName;).</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="wpad">WPAD (Web Proxy AutoDiscovery)</dt><dd>A proposed Internet
|
||
|
|
protocol that allows a Web browser to automatically locate and interface
|
||
|
|
with <a href="#proxy">proxy</a> services in a network.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="xml">XML (Extensible Markup Language)</dt><dd>An open standard for
|
||
|
|
describing data. Unlike <a href="#html">HTML</a>, XML allows the developer of
|
||
|
|
a web page to define special tags. For more information, see the online W3C
|
||
|
|
document
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/">Extensible Markup Language (XML)</a>.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="xslt">XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation)</dt><dd>A
|
||
|
|
language used to convert an XML document into another XML document or into
|
||
|
|
some other format.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dt id="xul">XUL (XML User Interface Language)</dt><dd>A XML markup language
|
||
|
|
for creating user interfaces in applications.</dd>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Copyright © 2003-2010 The Mozilla Foundation.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</body>
|
||
|
|
</html>
|